PBL Blok 1 Modul 2

"Komunikasi dan Empati"
Faktor dan Tahapan Perilaku Sehat

Ika Puspita*

10-2011-036

Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran UKRIDA

*Alamat Korespendensi:

Ika Puspita

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

Jl. Arjuna Utara No. 6, Jakarta 11510

No. Telp (021) 5694-2061, e-mail: ika.puspita20@gmail.com

Pendahuluan :

Masalah kesehatan masyarakat, terutama di negara berkembang pada dasarnya menyangkut dua aspek utama. Yang pertama adalah aspek fisik, seperti misalnya tersedianya sarana kesehatan dan pengorbanan penyakit, sedangkan yang kedua adalah aspek non-fisik yang menyangkut perilaku kesehatan. Faktor perilaku ini mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap status  kesehatan individu maupun masyarakat.

Perubahan perilaku dapat dipengaruhi oleh 2 faktor. Faktor pertama adalah faktor internal yang meliputi kepribadian, motivasi, dan persepsi, dan yang kedua adalah faktor eksternal yang meliputi komunikasi yang dilakukan oleh petugas kesehatan ketika menangani dirinya. Perubahan perilaku juga melalui 5 tahap, yaitu :

1.      Prekontemplasi

2.      Kontemplasi

3.      Persiapan

4.      Tindakan

5.      Pemeliharaan

Perubahan perilaku tersebut tergantung pada bagaimana individu itu sendiri. Dan perubahan perilaku juga akan membawa akibat baik ataupun akibat buruk.

Tujuan :

1.      Untuk menginformasikan mengenai bagaimana perilaku sehat

2.      Untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan perilaku

3.      Untuk mengetahui tahapan-tahapan perubahan perilaku

Pembahasan :

1.      Pengertian

Perilaku manusia merupakan hasil daripada segala macam pengalaman serta interaksi manusia dengan lingkungannya yang terwujud dalam bentuk pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan. Dengan kata lain, perilaku merupakan respons/reaksi seorang individu terhadap stimulus yang berasal dari luar maupun dari dalam dirinya. Respons ini dapat bersifat pasif (tanpa tindakan : berfikir, berpendapat, bersikap) maupun aktif (melakukan tndakan). Sesuai dengan batasan ini, perilaku kesehatan dapat dirumuskan sebagai segala bentuk pengalaman dan interaksi individu dengan lingkungannya, khususnya yang menyangkut pengetahuan dan sikap tentang kesehatan, serta tindakannya yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan.¹

2.      Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

Proses pembentukan atau perubahan perilaku dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor dari dalam dan dari luar individu.

PBL Blok 1 Modul 1

 "etika dasar kedokteran"
Kaidah Dasar Bioetik

Ika Puspita*

10-2011-036

Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran UKRIDA

*Alamat Korespendensi:

Ika Puspita

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

Jl. Arjuna Utara No. 6, Jakarta 11510

No. Telp (021) 5694-2061, e-mail: ika.puspita20@gmail.com

Pendahuluan :

Akibat runtuhnya Etika tradisionil Barat membuat etika kedokteran tidak mampu lagi menampung keseluruhan permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan. Etika kedokteran berbicara tentang bidang medis dan profesi kedokteran saja, itu telah dikembangkan bioetika.

Menururt F.Abel, bioetika adalah suatu interdisipliner tentang masalah yang ditimbulkan oleh perkembangan biologi dan kedokteran, tidak hanya masalah yang terjadi sekrang tetapi juga memperhitungkan timbulnya masalah pada masa yang akan datang. Segala sesuatu tentu memiliki prinsip/kaidah yang menjadi patokan seseorang. Bioetik memiliki juga kaidah (prinsip) dasar.Kaidah dasar bioetik adalah sutu aksioma yang mempermudah penalaran etik. Kaidah dasar bioetik harus bersifat  spesifik, artinya harus saling berkesinambungan di tiap-tiap prinsip. Ada keadaan dimana kita mengorbankan prinsip  yang lain dan hanya menggunakan 1 atau 2 prinsip, hal itu disebut prima facie.

Tujuan :

·       - Membantu dokter dalam menangani pasien

·       - Memberikan gambaran kepada mahasiswa tentang bagaimana bersikap menjai seorang dokter

·       - Menjamin hak-hak pasien berdasar bioetika 

·       - Membantu mahasiswa dalam memahami prinsip dasar etika kedokteran

i cried six times for my brother

Aku dilahirkan di sebuah dusun pegunungan yang sangat
terpencil. Hari demi hari, orang tuaku membajak tanah kering kuning,
dan punggung mereka menghadap ke langit.
Aku mempunyai seorang adik, tiga tahun lebih muda dariku.
Suatu ketika, untuk membeli sebuah sapu tangan yang
mana semua gadis di sekelilingku kelihatannya membawanya,
Aku mencuri lima puluh sen dari laci ayahku.
Ayah segera menyadarinya. Beliau membuat
adikku dan aku berlutut di depan tembok,
dengan sebuah tongkat bambu di tangannya.
"Siapa yang mencuri uang itu?" Beliau bertanya. Aku
terpaku, terlalu takut untuk berbicara.

wanita makhluk tuhan paling unik dan ribet

Joshua : “Hallo, De…”
Dewa : “Hi, Josh! Apa kabar loe?”
Joshua : “Yah, gitu deh!”
Dewa : “Tumben loe, nelpon pagi-pagi buta! Ada masalah?”
Joshua : “Gimana ya?”
Dewa : “Apanya yang gimana?”
Joshua : “Gua baru aja putus ama Sandra!”
Dewa : “Hah!!! Serius loe? Jangan bercanda loe! April mop udah lewat tuh!”
Joshua : “Gua serius!”

Yahoo messenger with GOD

tuhan has been added you to list...

TUHAN : Kamu memanggilKu ?
AKU: Memanggilmu? Tidak.. Ini siapa ya?

TUHAN : Ini TUHAN. Aku mendengar doamu. Jadi Aku ingin berbincang-
bincang denganmu.

dear diary

Dear Diary :



Hai Di, udah lama Vella ngga nulisin kamu yah, banyak banget yang Vella mau ceritain ke kamu Di. Tadi pagi Vella sama temen-temen ngomongin cowok masing-masing. Di masih inget sama Evan kan? cowoknya Vella? Vella malu banget deh sama dia. Dia soalnya nggak kayak cowok-cowok temen Vella yang lain Di. Sebel deh sama Evan, bayangin deh Di semua minusnya Evan nih yah:

• Minus 10 karena dia nggak punya handphone, padahal cowok-cowok temen Vella yang lain punya handphone.

when you divorced me carry me out in your arms

Pada hari pernikahanku,aku membopong istriku.Mobil pengantin berhenti

didepan flat kami yg cuma berkamar satu.

Sahabat2ku menyuruhku untuk membopongnya begitu keluar dari mobil.Jadi

kubopong ia memasuki rumah kami.

Ia kelihatan malu2. Aku adalah seorang pengantin pria yg sangat

bahagia.Ini adalah kejadian 10 tahun yg lalu.

I Love You Just The Way You Are

Satu hari, Plato bertanya pada gurunya, "Apa itu cinta? Bagaimana saya bisa menemukannya?"

Gurunya menjawab, "Ada ladang gandum yang luas didepan sana. Berjalanlah kamu dan tanpa boleh mundur kembali, kemudian ambillah satu saja ranting. Jika kamu menemukan ranting yang kamu anggap paling menakjubkan, artinya kamu telah menemukan cinta."

Plato pun berjalan, dan tidak seberapa lama, dia kembali dengan tangan kosong, tanpa membawa apapun.

Gurunya bertanya, "Mengapa kamu tidak membawa satupun ranting?"

Plato menjawab, "Aku hanya boleh membawa satu saja, dan saat berjalan tidak boleh mundur kembali."

bagian terpenting tubuh kita

buku selalu bertanya padaku, apa bagian tubuh yang paling penting. Bertahun-tahun, aku selalu menebak dengan jawaban yang aku anggap benar. Ketika aku muda, aku pikir suara adalah yang paling penting bagi kita sebagai manusia. Jadi aku menjawab, "Telinga, Bu." Tapi ternyata itu bukan jawabannya.



"Bukan itu, Nak. Banyak orang yang tuli. Tapi teruslah memikirkannya dan Ibu akan menanyakannya lagi nanti."



Beberapa tahun kemudian, aku mencoba menjawab sebelum Ibu bertanya padaku lagi. Sejak jawaban pertama, kini aku yakin jawaban kali ini pasti benar. Jadi, kali ini aku memberitahukannya, "Bu, penglihatan kita sangat penting bagi semua orang. Jadi pastilah mata kita."



Dia memandangku dan berkata, "Kamu belajar dengan cepat, tapi jawabanmu masih salah karena banyak orang yang buta."

pohon,daun,dan angin

Jika Kau menginginkan cinta dari seseorang, tunjukkan cintamu. Cinta tidak membutuhkan keraguan, Tunjukan saja!!
POHON
Alasan mengapa orang-orang memanggilku "Pohon" karena aku sangat baik dalam menggambar pohon. Setelah itu, aku selalu menggunakan gambar pohon pada sisi kanan sebagai trademark pada semua lukisanku. Aku telah berpacaran sebanyak 5 orang wanita ketika aku masih di SMA.

Ada satu wanita yang aku sangat aku cintai, tapi aku tidak punya keberanian untuk mengatakannya. Dia tidak memiliki wajah yang cantik, tubuh yang sexy, dsb, dia sangat peduli dengan orang lain dan religius tapi dia hanya wanita biasa saja.

papa baca keras-keras yah

Pada suatu malam Budi, seorang eksekutif sukses, seperti biasanya sibuk memperhatikan berkas-berkas pekerjaan kantor yang dibawanya pulang ke rumah, karena keesokan harinya ada rapat umum yang sangat penting dengan para pemegang saham.

Ketika ia sedang asyik menyeleksi dokumen kantor tersebut, Putrinya Jessica datang mendekatinya, berdiri tepat disampingnya, sambil memegang buku cerita baru.
Buku itu bergambar seorang peri kecil yang imut, sangat menarik perhatian Jessica,

"Pa liat"! Jessica berusaha menarik perhatian ayahnya.

cinta pertamaku yang tragis

“Biarkan jantungku terus berdetak bersama sang waktu. Biarkan ragaku ini bergerak bersama senandung rindu. Yang pasti kaki ini akan terus melangkah meski kamu telah tiada. Semua kenangan dan cinta ini masih tersimpan indah disudut hatiku. Aku selalu merindukanmu agar semua tahu kematian tak mengakhiri cinta kita berdua yang abadi.”

maybe-secondhand serenade

Didn't you wanna hear
the sound of all the places we could go?
Do you fear
the expressions on the faces we don't know?
It's a cold, hard road when you wake up,
and I don't think that I have the strength
to let you go.

Maybe it's just me.
Couldn't you believe that everything I said and did
wasn't just deceiving?
And the tear in your eye,
and your calm, hard face
makes me wish that I was never brought into this place.

There goes my ring,
it might as well have been shattered.
And I'm here to sing
about the things that mattered.
About the things that made us feel alive for oh so long.
About the things that kept you on my side when I was wrong.

Maybe it's just me.
Couldn't you believe that everything I said and did
wasn't just deceiving?
And the tear in your eye,
and your calm, hard face
makes me wish that I was never brought into this place.

And someday, I promise I'll be gone.
And someday, I might even sing this song to you.
I might even sing this song to you.
To you, to you, to you...
And I was crying alone tonight,
and I was wasting all of my life
just thinking of you.
So just come back,
we'll make it better.
So just come back,
I'll make it better than it ever was.
I'll make it better than it ever was.

Maybe it's just me.
Couldn't you believe that everything I said and did
wasn't just deceiving?
And the tear in your eye,
and your calm, hard face
makes me wish that I was never brought into this place.

(I want it all, don't leave right now.
I'll give you everything.)

Maybe it's just me.
Couldn't you believe that everything I said and did
wasn't just deceiving?
And the tear in your eye,
and your calm, hard face makes me wish
that I was never brought into this place.
Maybe it's just me

More lyrics: http://www.lyricsmania.com/maybe_lyrics_secondhand_serenade.html
All about Secondhand Serenade: http://www.musictory.com/music/Secondhand+Serenade

goodbye-secondhand serenade

It's a shame that it had to be this way
It's not enough to say I'm sorry
It's not enough to say I'm sorry

Maybe I'm to blame
Or maybe were the same
But either way I can't breathe
Either way I can't breathe

All I had to say is goodbye
Were better off this way
Were better off this way

I'm alive but I'm losing all my drive
Cause everything we've been through
And everything about you
Seemed to be a lie
A guiltless twisted lie
It made me learn to hate you
Or hate myself for letting it pass by

All I had to say is goodbye
Were better off this way
Were better off this way
All I had to say is goodbye
Were better off this way
Were better off this way

And every, everything isn't only
What it seemed so hold these
Words that you never told me
Its time to say goodbye
Its time to say goodbye
Its time to say goodbye
Goodbye

Bye

Take my hand away
Spell it out
Tell me I was wrong
Tell me I was wrong

Take my hand away
Spell it out
Tell me I was wrong
Tell me I was wrong

Take my hand away
Spell it out
Tell me I was wrong
Tell me I was wrong

overboard-justin bieber

(JessicaJarrell)
It feels like we’ve been out atSea,whoa
So back and forth that’s how itSeems,whoa
And when I wanna talk you say toMe
That if it’s meant to be it will be
Whoa ohNo
So crazy is this thing we call love
And now that we’ve got it we just can’t give up
I’m reaching out for you
Got me out here in the water
And I
I’m overboard
And I need your love
Pull me up
I can’t swim on my own
It’s too much
Feels like I’m drowning without your love
So throw yourself out to me
My lifesaver
(Lifesaver, oh lifesaver)
My lifesaver
(Lifesaver, oh lifesaver)
Whoa
(Justin)
I never understood you when you’d say, whoa
Wanted me to meet you halfway, whoa
Felt like I was doing my part
You kept thinking you were coming up short
It’s funny how things change cause now I see
Oh whoa
So crazy is this thing we call love
And now that we’ve got it we just can’t give up
I’m reaching out for you
Got me out here in the water
And I
I’m overboard (overboard)
And I need your love
Pull me up
I can’t swim on my own
It’s too much (it’s too much)
Feels like I’m drowning (ohh)
Without your love
So throw yourself out to me
My lifesaver
Oh
It’s supposed to be some give and take I know
But you’re only taking and not giving anymore
So what do I do
Cause I still love you
(I still love you baby)
And you’re the only one who can save me
Whoa, whoa, whoa, oh
I’m overboard
And I need your love
Pull me up (pull me up)
I can’t swim on my own
It’s too much (it’s too much)
Feels like I’m drowning without your love
(I’m drowning baby, I’m drowning)
So throw yourself out to me
(I can’t swim)
My lifesaver
(Lifesaver, oh lifesaver)
My lifesaver
It’s crazy crazy crazy
(Lifesaver, oh lifesaver)
Lifesaver oh
(Lifesaver, oh lifesaver)
My lifesaver
(Lifesaver, oh lifesaver)

fall for you-secondhand serenade

The best thing about tonight's that we're not fighting
Could it be that we have been this way before
I know you don't think that I am trying
I know you're wearing thin down to the core

But hold your breathe
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Your impossible to find

This is not what I intended
I always swore to you i'd never fall apart
You always thought that I was stronger
I may of failed
But I have loved you from the start
Ohhhh

But hold your breathe
Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
It's impossible

So breathe in so deep
Breathe me in
I'm yours to keep
And hold onto your words
Cuz talk is cheap
And remember me tonight
When your asleep

Because tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Tonight will be the night that I will fall for you
Over again
Don't make me change my mind
Or I wont live to see another day
I swear it's true
Because a girl like you is impossible to find
Your impossible to find

your call-secondhand serenade

Waiting for your call, I'm sick, call I'm angry
call I'm desperate for your voice
Listening to the song we used to sing
In the car, do you remember
Butterfly, Early Summer
It's playing on repeat, Just like when we would meet
Like when we would meet

Cause I was born to tell you I love you
and I am torn to do what I have to, to make you mine
Stay with me tonight

Stripped and polished, I am new, I am fresh
I am feeling so ambitious, you and me, flesh to flesh
Cause every breath that you will take
when you are sitting next to me
will bring life into my deepest hopes, What's your fantasy?
(What's your, what's your, what's your...)

Cause I was born to tell you I love you
and I am torn to do what I have to, to make you mine
Stay with me tonight

And I'm tired of being all alone, and this solitary moment makes me want to come back home
x4
(I know everything you wanted isn't anything you have)

Cause I was born to tell you I love you
and I am torn to do what I have to, to make you mine
Stay with me tonight

Cause I was born to tell you I love you
and I am torn to do what I have to, to make you mine
Stay with me tonight

More lyrics: http://www.lyricsmania.com/your_call_lyrics_secondhand_serenade.html
All about Secondhand Serenade: http://www.musictory.com/music/Secondhand+Serenade

stay close don't go-secondhand serenade

I’m staring at the glass in front of me,
is it half empty of our wins or have i ruined all you’ve given me?
I know I’ve been selfish,
I know I’ve been foolish,
but look through that
and you will see,
I’ll do better, I know,
Baby, I can do better.

If you leave me tonight, I’ll wake up alone,
don’t tell me I will make it on my own,
don’t leave me tonight,
this heart of stone will sing till it dies
if you leave me tonight.
Sometimes I stare at you while you are sleeping,
I listen to your breathing,
amazed how I somehow managed to
sweep you off your feet girl,
your perfect little feet girl
I took for granted what you do.
But I’ll do better, I know
Baby, I can do better.

If you leave me tonight, I’ll wake up alone,
don’t tell me I will make it on my own,
don’t leave me tonight,
this heart of stone will sing till it dies
if you leave me tonight.

And don’t you know my heart is open, oh,
it’s putting up the fight,
and I’ve got this feeling,
that everything’s alright,
and don’t you see,
I’m not the only one for you
but you’re the only one for me.

If you leave me tonight I’ll wake up alone,
(stay)If you leave me tonight,
(close) I’ll wake up alone,
(don’t)don’t tell me I will
(go)make it on my own,
(stay)don’t leave me tonight,
(close)this heart of stone
(don’t) will sing till it dies
(go)if you leave me tonight.

Don’t leave me tonight

love story-taylor swift

We were both young when I first saw you
I close my eyes
And the flashback starts
I'm standing there
On a balcony of summer air

See the lights,
See the party, the ball gowns
I see you make your way through the crowd
You say hello
Little did I know

That you were Romeo you were throwing pebbles
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet
And I was crying on the staircase
Begging you please don't go, and I said:

Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone
I'll be waiting all there's left to do is run
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess
It's a love story baby just say yes

So I sneak out to the garden to see you
We keep quiet cause we're dead if they know
So close your eyes
Escape this town for a little while

Cause you were Romeo I was a scarlet letter
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet
But you were everything to me
lyricsalls.blogspot.com
I was begging you please don't go and I said:

Romeo take me somewhere we can be alone
I'll be waiting all there's left to do is run
You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess
It's a love story baby just say yes

Romeo save me, they try to tell me how to feel
This love is difficult, but it's real,
Don't be afraid
We'll make it out of this mess
It's a love story baby just say yes, oh,

I got tired of waiting
Wondering if you were ever coming around
My faith in you was fading
When I met you on the outskirts of town I said:

Romeo save me I've been feeling so alone
I keep waiting for you but you never come
Is this in my head, I don't know what to think
He knealt to the ground and pulled out a ring

And said:
Marry me Juliet you'll never have to be alone
I love you and that's all I really know
I talked to your dad go pick out a white dress
It's a love story baby just say yes

Oh, oh, oh
Oh, oh, oh, oh
Cause we were both young when I first saw you